Alcohol stats expert Colin Angus trawls through a lot of data to work out Brits’ drinking habits in this exceptional year
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02 December 2020 – To say 2020
has been tumultuous would be something of an understatement. It’s been a
strange old year full of crisis and, well, more crisis. If stereotypes
are to be believed, then the pub or the drinks cabinet is one of the
first ports of call for the British when hard times strike. So it might
seem reasonable to suspect that we’ve all been drinking more this year.
Yet at the same time, pubs have been closed, or severely restricted,
since late March, and we drink a lot in pubs. So maybe we’re drinking less overall?
Mixed messages
We’ve certainly been given conflicting messages about alcohol sales
over the course of the year. Back in March when lockdown was announced
there were media reports about panic buying and images of bare shelves in supermarkets. There were also a series of stories driven by market research company data which reported that alcohol sales had risen, maybe by as much as 58%. However these stories all focused exclusively on shop-bought alcohol. In 2019, 28% of alcohol sold in Great Britain
was bought and drunk in pubs, clubs, cafés and restaurants. If the pubs
were closed, we could all buy 40% more alcohol from the supermarket and
barely end up drinking more than before.
Alongside these stories, we’ve seen a large number of surveys during
and after lockdown which have asked respondents whether they think
they’ve been drinking more or less than before the pandemic. You might
be suspicious, and with good reason, about the accuracy of measures like
this, but the picture they painted, almost unanimously, was one of
mixed effects. Some people reported that they had been drinking less or
had even given up alcohol entirely, while others reported that they were
drinking more than usual. Often there was some degree of polarisation,
with people who were drinking within the UK drinking guidelines of 14
units of alcohol a week before lockdown began being much more likely to
say they were drinking the same or less, while heavier drinkers were more likely to have increased their drinking. This polarisation was reinforced by a more robust study
which found that, in April, the number of people who reported
attempting to cut down their drinking increased significantly, while at
the same time, so did the number of people reporting that they were
drinking at high-risk levels. Taken together, it was hard to make sense of this data. As somebody
who has spent more time than most looking at alcohol consumption
patterns and data over the last decade, my suspicion was that we were
probably drinking less on average, but that some people, particularly heavier drinkers, were drinking more.
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Show me the numbers
With this suspicion in mind, I was surprised to see the Office for Budget Responsibility state in their latest economic forecast,
published last week, that “The loss in [alcohol duty] receipts from
closures of pubs and restaurants has been more than offset by higher
sales in supermarkets and other shops”. Luckily, HMRC published their quarterly alcohol duty bulletin a few days later, so I didn’t have to wait long to see where this claim came from.
Sure enough, HMRC state that they collected £313m more in alcohol
duty in April-October 2020 than in the same period in 2019, an increase
of 4.5%. So, does this mean that alcohol sales have gone up by
4.5%? Well, no. This figure doesn’t account for inflation. If we look at
the longer-term trend in alcohol duty receipts, we can see that in cash
terms (i.e. before adjusting for inflation) they have been rising
steadily for years, while in real terms (i.e. after adjusting for
inflation) they have been pretty stable for at least a decade.
One other limitation of this approach is that it only compares 2020
with 2019. Alcohol sales can be quite volatile depending on various
factors, including the weather, major sporting events and economic
conditions. So to get a better sense of whether 2020 has seen unusually
high (or low) alcohol sales, I think it makes more sense to take an
average of the data for 2015-19 and compare to that. This is the same
approach that the Office for National Statistics have been using to look
at excess mortality during the pandemic. So what does this tell us?
Well, by this measure, alcohol duty revenue in 2020 has actually fallen
slightly, by just under 1%. But there are some interesting patterns in
this. Duty receipts fell very sharply in March and April and then we see
much more revenue collected than usual in June and August. It’s
tempting to interpret this as showing that we were all very abstemious
during lockdown and then had a bit of a party once restrictions were
lifted, but that’s not quite right. These numbers reflect the actual
payments received by HMRC from the alcohol industry. Usually these are
collected within a month of the alcohol being cleared for sale, but in
exceptional circumstances it is possible to negotiate a payment
extension of up to three months. HMRC themselves highlight this as the
likely cause for these unusual spikes – they really relate to alcohol
sold a few months previously, but where payment was deferred due to the
financial pressures that lockdown imposed on many alcohol producers.
This suggests that the dip in March and April was maybe not as big as it
seems in reality.
Luckily, HMRC also provide data on how much alcohol has been cleared
for sale. As beer and spirits are taxed based on their alcohol content,
we have great data on the volume of alcohol being sold as these two
products. Wine and cider, however, are taxed on the basis of their product
volume, so we have to make a few assumptions about their alcoholic
strength. When we do this, a clearer picture emerges. The amount of
alcohol cleared for sale did dip in March, but only very
slightly, and this has been more than offset by higher than usual
clearances in July – September. Now these figures reflect the amount of
alcohol released for sale, not the amount sold, nor the amount actually
drunk. It could be that all of this extra alcohol is just stacked up on
supermarket shelves, or in our drinks cabinets, but that seems fairly
unlikely to me. It is probably true that some pubs did have to throw
away some products, particularly beer, which had spoilt during the
spring lockdown. In fact, they are entitled to claim back the duty they
have paid on this spoilt alcohol. This means that it's likely that the
increase in alcohol sales in 2020, compared with previous years, is slightly less than 3.4%, but it's unlikely to be much less.Have different products been affected differently?
As HMRC report their data separately for beer, cider, spirits and
wine, we can actually look at how these different types of alcohol have
been affected differently. Looking at revenue, you can see a huge
fall in revenue from beer sales during the spring lockdown. In relative
terms cider has actually seen an even bigger fall, although it makes up
a much smaller proportion of the market. At the same time, duty revenue
from wine has picked back up after a dip in the spring, while spirits
revenue has increased by almost 9% over the year.
Looking at the figures for alcohol clearances, the picture is very similar, although the drop for beer is much smaller.
Some of these changes are more surprising than others. We would
expect beer sales to be most affected by the closure of pubs as
typically almost half of all beer sold is drunk in the on-trade (pubs,
bars, restaurants and cafés). A much smaller proportion of spirits and
wine sales comes from the on-trade, but the fact that we have seen
clearances of these products increase this year suggests that
either beer drinkers denied the opportunity to have a few pints in their
local have switched to spirits, or that people who drank predominantly
spirits anyway have increased their consumption from previous years.
In fact some of these product-level changes could well just be
continuations of pre-existing trends. Monthly clearances of cider have
been falling for years and spirits have been rising, driven to some
extent by the ‘gin boom’, since 2015. It certainly does look as though
there might have been some switching between beer and wine. Or perhaps
beer drinkers are the ones who are taking the opportunity to try and
drink a little less, while wine drinkers are drinking more.
Tl;dr
After all of these graphs, what do we really know about drinking in
2020? Alcohol consumption probably did fall overall at the start of
lockdown in the spring, but we seem to have more than made up for it in
the latter part of the summer and overall alcohol sales have increased
in 2020 compared with previous years. Due to the various restrictions
and enforced closures that have affected pubs across the UK this year,
it seems very likely that 2020 has been a bonanza year for alcohol sales
in supermarkets. We have also seen some quite large shifts away from
beer and towards wine and particularly spirits. It will be interesting
to see whether these are sustained once things (hopefully) start
returning to normal in 2021. Finally, it’s important to remember that
HMRC data reflects the total revenue and alcohol clearances across the
whole population. Whether the small increase in overall alcohol sales
reflects a small increase across the whole population, or a large
increase in a small number of heavy drinkers, will have a large bearing
on what the longer term alcohol-related health impacts of these changes
are, and that’s something that we won’t start to find out for some time
yet.
Written by Colin Angus,
research fellow at the Sheffield Alcohol Research Group within The
School of Health and Related Research.
All IAS Blogposts are published with the permission of the
author. The views expressed are solely the author's own and do not
necessarily represent the views of the Institute of Alcohol Studies.
The piece was originally published by The Institute of Alcohol Studies and republished by theirs and Colin Angus' kind permission.
